![]() ![]() Additionally, several explanatory models have been proposed that have usefulness, both in theoretically understanding suicidal behavior among cohorts, and in providing an organized manner by which to characterize specific and dynamic risk factors in individual patients. Interventions geared toward increasing social support, safety (by reducing access to lethal means e.g., firearm), protective obstacles, hotlines, and education of the public have been recommended as universal ( 5– 7) and selective ( 3, 6, 8) interventions. Suicidal behavior (including fatal and non-fatal suicidal self-directed violence) is a multi-factorially determined phenomenon ( 3, 4) in which predispositions and triggers, protective and aggravating factors, availability of means, social and professional supports, as well as deterrents, all interact in a reciprocal interplay that determines short- and long-term risk and prognosis. Moreover, every death by suicide is accompanied by 10–20 suicide attempts, leading to an annual number of global suicide attempters of ~10 million ( 2). Thus, randomized interventional studies are necessary to advance causal inferences and, if causality is confirmed, to provide hope that an etiological treatment for a distinct subgroup of individuals at an increased risk for suicide could emerge.Īnnually, 0.8 million individuals worldwide die by suicide ( 1). Yet, causality has not been demonstrated. gondii seropositivity in both the psychiatrically healthy as well as in patients with Intermittent Explosive Disorder. Trait impulsivity and aggression, endophenotypes of suicidal behavior have also been positively associated with T. gondii IgG (but not IgM) seropositivity and serointensity. In sum, an abundance of evidence supports a positive link between suicide attempts (but not suicidal ideation) and T. gondii and biomarkers previously associated with suicidal behavior (kynurenines, phenylalanine/tyrosine), intermediate phenotypes of suicidal behavior (impulsivity, aggression) and state-dependent suicide risk factors (hopelessness/dysphoria, sleep impairment). Finally, the article introduces certain links between T. Then, it reviews findings from all three meta-analyses published to date, confirming our reported associations and overall consistent in effect size. This “legacy” article presents, chronologically, our primary studies in individuals with mood disorders and schizophrenia in Germany, recent attempters in Sweden, and in a large cohort of mothers in Denmark. gondii IgG serology and suicidal behavior in persons with mood disorders. gondii serology and suicidal behavior, a field of study that started 15 years ago with our publication of associations between T. This paper is a detailed review of the associations between T. gondii's associations with suicidal behavior, as well as trait impulsivity and aggression, mental illness and traffic accidents. This is related to the parasite's neurotropism, high prevalence of chronic infection, as well as specific and non-specific behavioral alterations in rodents that lead to increased risk taking, which are recapitulated in humans by T. Within the general literature on infections and suicidal behavior, studies on Toxoplasma gondii ( T.
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